Journal: Springer Geophysics

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Springer

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2364-9127
2364-9119

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Publications 1 - 4 of 4
  • The Earth's Heterogeneous Mantle
    Item type: Edited Volume
    (2015)
    Springer Geophysics
  • Preface
    Item type: Book Chapter
    Khan, Amir; Deschamps, Frédéric (2015)
    Springer Geophysics ~ The Earth's Heterogeneous Mantle
  • Large-Scale Thermo-chemical Structure of the Deep Mantle: Observations and Models
    Item type: Book Chapter
    Deschamps, Frédéric; Li, Yang; Tackley, Paul (2015)
    Springer Geophysics ~ The Earth's Heterogeneous Mantle
    Seismic tomography indicates that the lowermost mantle, from 2400 km down to the core–mantle boundary (CMB) is strongly heterogeneous at large wavelengths. The most striking features are two large low-shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs), where shear-wave velocity drops by a few percent compared to averaged mantle. Several seismic observations further show that lowermost mantle seismic anomalies cannot be purely thermal in origin. Compositional anomalies are required to fully explain observations like the anti-correlation between shear- and bulk-sound velocities, and the distribution of density mapped by normal modes. In the meantime, models of thermo-chemical convection indicate that reservoirs of dense, chemically differentiated material can be maintained in the lowermost mantle over long periods of time and that thermal plumes rising up to the surface are generated at the surface of these reservoirs. Model parameter searches indicate that maintaining such reservoirs requires a moderate density contrast between dense and regular material and a large thermal viscosity contrast . Current models of thermo-chemical convection also explain details revealed by travel time and seismic waveform data, in particular the LLSVP sharp edges, and the distribution of plumes at the surface of LLSVPs. A remaining question is the detailed nature of the lower mantle large-scale chemical heterogeneities . Reservoirs of dense material may result either from early partial differentiation of the mantle or recycling of oceanic crust (MORB). Seismic sensitivities inferred from a coherent mineral physics database suggest that LLSVPs are better explained by warm material enriched in iron and silicate, than by high-pressure MORB. By contrast, if colder than the surrounding mantle by ~400 K, high-pressure MORB explains well seismic velocity anomalies in regions where ancient slabs are expected to rest, e.g., beneath the Japan subduction zones and beneath Central and South America. The post-pervoskite phase certainly plays a significant role in explaining seismic observations, in particular the D″ discontinuity, but is unlikely to explain all seismic observations alone.
  • Relationships between seismic wave-Speed, density, and electrical conductivity beneath Australia from seismology, mineralogy, and laboratory-based conductivity profiles
    Item type: Book Chapter
    Khan, Amir; Koch, Stephan A.; Shankland, Thomas J.; et al. (2015)
    Springer Geophysics ~ The Earth's Heterogeneous Mantle
    We present maps of the three-dimensional density (ρ), electrical conductivity (σ), and shear-wave speed (V S) structure of the mantle beneath Australia and surrounding ocean in the depth range of 100–800 km. These maps derived from stochastic inversion of seismic surface-wave dispersion data, thermodynamic modeling of mantle mineral phase equilibria, and laboratory-based conductivity models. Because composition and temperature act as fundamental parameters, we obtain naturally scaled maps of shear-wave speed, density, and electrical conductivity that depend only on composition, physical conditions (pressure and temperature), and laboratory measurements of the conductivity of anhydrous mantle minerals. The maps show that in the upper mantle ρ, σ and V S follow the continental-tectonic division that separates the older central and western parts of Australia from the younger eastern part. The lithosphere beneath the central and western cratonic areas appears to be relatively cold and Fe-depleted, and this is reflected in fast shear-wave speeds, high densities, and low conductivities. In contrast, the lithosphere underneath younger regions is relatively hot and enriched with Fe , which is manifested in slow shear-wave speeds, low densities, and high conductivities. This trend appears to continue to depths well below 300 km. The slow-fast shear-wave speed distribution found here is also observed in independent seismic tomographic models of the Australian region, whereas the coupled slow-fast shear-wave speed, low-high density, and high-low electrical conductivity distribution has not been observed previously. Toward the bottom of the upper mantle at 400 km depth marking the olivine → wadsleyite transformation (the “410-km” seismic discontinuity), the correlation between V S, ρ, and σ weakens. In the transition zone, V S, ρ, and σ are much less correlated indicating a significant compositional contribution to lateral heterogeneity. In particular, in the lower transition zone, σ and ρ appear to be governed mostly by variations in Fe/(Fe + Mg), whereas lateral variations in V S result from changes in (Mg + Fe)/Si and not, as observed in the upper mantle, from temperature variations. Lower mantle lateral variations in thermochemical parameters appear to smooth out, which suggests a generally homogeneous lower mantle in agreement with seismic tomographic images of the lower mantle. As a test of the regional surface-wave-based conductivity model, we computed magnetic fields of 24 h S q variations and compared these to observations. The comparison shows that while our predicted conductivity model improves the fit to observations relative to a one-dimensional model, amplitudes of the computed conductivity anomalies appear not to be large enough to enable these to be discriminated at present.
Publications 1 - 4 of 4