Robert Jakob
Loading...
Last Name
Jakob
First Name
Robert
ORCID
Organisational unit
03681 - Fleisch, Elgar / Fleisch, Elgar
9 results
Search Results
Publications 1 - 9 of 9
- Factors Influencing Adherence to mHealth Apps for Prevention or Management of Noncommunicable Diseases: Systematic ReviewItem type: Review Article
Journal of Medical Internet ResearchJakob, Robert; Harperink, Samira; Rudolf, Aaron Maria; et al. (2022)Background: Mobile health (mHealth) apps show vast potential in supporting patients and health care systems with the increasing prevalence and economic costs of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide. However, despite the availability of evidence-based mHealth apps, a substantial proportion of users do not adhere to them as intended and may consequently not receive treatment. Therefore, understanding the factors that act as barriers to or facilitators of adherence is a fundamental concern in preventing intervention dropouts and increasing the effectiveness of digital health interventions. Objective: This review aimed to help stakeholders develop more effective digital health interventions by identifying factors influencing the continued use of mHealth apps targeting NCDs. We further derived quantified adherence scores for various health domains to validate the qualitative findings and explore adherence benchmarks. Methods: A comprehensive systematic literature search (January 2007 to December 2020) was conducted on MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and ACM Digital Library. Data on intended use, actual use, and factors influencing adherence were extracted. Intervention-related and patient-related factors with a positive or negative influence on adherence are presented separately for the health domains of NCD self-management, mental health, substance use, nutrition, physical activity, weight loss, multicomponent lifestyle interventions, mindfulness, and other NCDs. Quantified adherence measures, calculated as the ratio between the estimated intended use and actual use, were derived for each study and compared with the qualitative findings. Results: The literature search yielded 2862 potentially relevant articles, of which 99 (3.46%) were included as part of the inclusion criteria. A total of 4 intervention-related factors indicated positive effects on adherence across all health domains: personalization or tailoring of the content of mHealth apps to the individual needs of the user, reminders in the form of individualized push notifications, user-friendly and technically stable app design, and personal support complementary to the digital intervention. Social and gamification features were also identified as drivers of app adherence across several health domains. A wide variety of patient-related factors such as user characteristics or recruitment channels further affects adherence. The derived adherence scores of the included mHealth apps averaged 56.0% (SD 24.4%). Conclusions: This study contributes to the scarce scientific evidence on factors that positively or negatively influence adherence to mHealth apps and is the first to quantitatively compare adherence relative to the intended use of various health domains. As underlying studies mostly have a pilot character with short study durations, research on factors influencing adherence to mHealth apps is still limited. To facilitate future research on mHealth app adherence, researchers should clearly outline and justify the app’s intended use; report objective data on actual use relative to the intended use; and, ideally, provide long-term use and retention data. - Factors associated with adherence to a public mobile nutritional health intervention: retrospective cohort studyItem type: Journal Article
Computers in Human Behavior ReportsJakob, Robert; Narauskas, Justas; Fleisch, Elgar; et al. (2024)Background Obesity is a global health issue affecting over 2 billion people. Mobile health apps, specifically nutrition apps, have been identified as promising solutions to combat obesity. However, research on adherence to nutrition apps is scarce, especially for publicly available apps without monetary incentives and personal onboarding. Understanding factors associated with adherence is essential to improve the efficacy of these apps. This study aims to identify such factors by analyzing a large dataset of a free and publicly available app (“MySwissFoodPyramid”) that promotes healthy eating through dietary self-monitoring and nutrition literacy delivered via a conversational agent.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 19,805 users who used the app for at least two days between November 2018 and May 2022. Adherence was defined as completing a food diary by tracking dietary intake over a suggested period of three days. Users who finished multiple diaries were considered long-term adherent. The associations between the day and time of installation, tutorial use, reminder use, and conversational agent choice were examined regarding adherence, long-term adherence, and the number of completed diaries.Results Overall, 66.8% of included users were adherent, and 8.5% were long-term adherent. Users who started the intervention during the day (5 am – 7 pm) were more likely to be adherent and completed more diaries. Starting to use the intervention between Sunday and Wednesday was associated with better adherence and a higher number of completed diaries. Users who chose the female conversational agent were more likely to be adherent, long-term adherent, and completed more diaries. Users who skipped the tutorial were less adherent and completed fewer diaries. Users who set a follow-up reminder were more likely to be long-term adherent and completed more diaries.Conclusions This study demonstrates the potential of digital health interventions to achieve comparably high adherence rates, even without monetary incentives or human-delivered support. It also reveals factors associated with adherence highlighting the importance of app tutorials, customizable reminders, tailored content, and the date and time of user onboarding for improving adherence to mHealth apps. Ultimately, these findings may help improve the effectiveness of digital health interventions in promoting healthy behaviors. - Literaturstudie zu Verhaltensänderungen durch mHealth ApplikationenItem type: ReportHaug, Severin; Augsburger, Mareike; Jakob, Robert; et al. (2021)Hintergrund: mHealth Applikationen eröffnen vielfältige Möglichkeiten zur individualisierten Prävention, zur Förderung protektiver Verhaltensweisen und des Selbstmanagements von nichtübertragbaren Krankheiten. Gleichzeitig ist deren Entwicklung und Instandhaltung im Vergleich zu browserbasierten eHealth-Anwendungen deutlich aufwändiger und Nutzenden fällt die Auswahl geeigneter Apps oft schwer. Während es zu allgemeine Qualitätskriterien wie Datenschutz, Design, Usability oder Sicherheit bereits Evaluations-Frameworks gibt wurden die notwendigen Bedingungen zur Erreichung einer Verhaltensänderung durch mHealth-Applikationen bei den Nutzenden bislang nicht systematisch recherchiert und zusammengefasst. Innerhalb von zwei separaten Literaturstudien wurden im Rahmen vorliegender Arbeit (1) Techniken zur Nutzungssteigerung und (2) Verhaltensänderungstechniken untersucht und identifiziert, die bei der Planung und Entwicklung von mHealth Applikationen berücksichtigt werden sollten und auf deren Grundlage auch die Entwicklung eines Kriterienkatalogs zur Bewertung von Gesundheits-Apps für die Nutzenden möglich ist. Fragestellungen: Im Rahmen der ersten Teilstudie wurde untersucht, welche Techniken, die in mHealth Applikationen zu NCDs, psychischer Gesundheit und Sucht eingesetzt werden, die Nutzungsadhärenz beeinflussen. Die zweite Teilstudie untersuchte, welchen Effekt Verhaltensänderungstechniken auf die intendierten Verhaltensänderungen haben. Methodik: In Teilstudie 1 wurde zur Identifikation relevanter Techniken zur Nutzungssteigerung eine systematische Literaturübersicht existierender Primärstudien erstellt. Dabei wurden in einem ersten Schritt Techniken identifiziert, die innerhalb der Primärstudien eine Verbesserung der Nutzungsadhärenz bewirkt haben. In einem zweiten Schritt wurde der Einfluss weiterer Faktoren auf die Nutzungsadhärenz untersucht, wie z.B. die Charakteristika der Zielpopulation oder die Art der Bereitstellung der Applikation. In einem dritten Schritt wurde für jede Primärstudie die Nutzungsadhärenz als Quotient beabsichtigter und tatsächlicher Nutzung berechnet, um einen Referenzwert innerhalb der verschiedenen Gesundheitsbereiche zu erhalten und mHealth Applikationen mit hoher Nutzungsadhärenz zu identifizieren. In Teilstudie 2, zur Identifikation relevanter Verhaltensänderungstechniken, wurde eine systematische Übersicht (englisch: Overview oder Umbrella Review) bereits vorhandener systematischer Reviews erstellt. Relevante wissenschaftliche Artikel für beide Teilstudien wurden durch systematische Recherchen in elektronischen Literaturdatenbanken identifiziert. Die relevante Information aus den Artikeln wurde jeweils extrahiert und analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Literatursuche zu Teilstudie 1 ergab insgesamt 2862 potentiell relevante Artikel, von denen 99 für vorliegende Übersicht relevant waren und genauer analysiert wurden. Techniken mit positivem Einfluss auf die App-Nutzung wurden für die 7 Gesundheitsbereiche separat dargestellt, wobei folgende drei Techniken als relevant für alle Gesundheitsbereiche identifiziert wurden: (1) Personalierung bzw. die inhaltliche Anpassung der mHealth App an die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Nutzenden, (2) Erinnerungen in Form individualisierter Push-Notifikationen, (3) ein benutzerfreundliches App-Design und technische Stabilität. 5 Die aus den Primärstudien abgeleitete Nutzungsadhärenz lag durchschnittlich bei 56.0% und war am höchsten bei Lifestyle-Interventionen, welche auf die gleichzeitige Veränderung mehrerer Verhaltensweisen abzielen (60.1%) und am niedrigsten bei mHealth Apps zur Reduktion des Substanzkonsums (46.1%). Weiter ergab die quantitative Analyse eine positive Korrelation zwischen Nutzungsadhärenz und dem Grad der persönlichen Betreuung während der Intervention. Für den Bereich NCD-Selbstmanagement ergab sich eine signifikante positive Korrelation zwischen Nutzungsadhärenz und dem Durchschnittsalter der Studienteilnehmenden. Die Literatursuche zu Teilstudie 2 ergab insgesamt 615 potentiell relevante Artikel, von denen 66 für vorliegende Übersicht relevant waren und genauer analysiert wurden. Für den Bereich NCD-Selbstmanagement ist die Wirksamkeit ausschliesslich App-basierter Programme überwiegend gemischt oder noch unklar, mit der Ausnahme von Apps zum Diabetesmanagement. Zentrale Verhaltensänderungstechniken beim NCD-Selbstmanagement sind möglichst individualisierbare Zielsetzungen hinsichtlich der angestrebten Verhaltensweise (z.B. Einnahme von Medikamenten), die Selbstbeobachtung des Verhaltens (z.B. via Tagebuchfunktion in der App) und Rückmeldungen zum Verhalten (z.B. grafische Darstellung hinsichtlich dem Erreichen oder Nichterreichen des Verhaltensziels). Die Begleitung durch eine reale Fachperson scheint eine wichtige Komponente wirksamer digitaler Programme zur Unterstützung des Umgangs mit chronischen Erkrankungen. Auch die Evidenz zur Wirksamkeit App-basierter Programme zur Änderung des Ernährungsverhaltens ist noch gemischt, wobei eine Ernährungsumstellung, z.B. durch die Steigerung des Obst- und Gemüsekonsums häufiger erreicht werden kann als eine Reduktion der aufgenommenen Energiemenge. Die bislang eingesetzten mHealth Applikationen nutzen überwiegend Verhaltensänderungstechniken, die sich auch in traditionellen Einzel- und Gruppenberatungen zur Veränderung des Ernährungsverhaltens bewährt haben: Individuelle Zielsetzungen, Verhaltensbeobachtung und –rückmeldung sowie soziale Unterstützung. Inwieweit andere Techniken, wie z.B. die Veränderung des Selbstbilds oder soziale Vergleiche wirksam sind, lässt sich auf Grundlage der bisherigen Daten nicht beantworten. Die Wirksamkeit von Apps zur Steigerung körperlicher Aktivität ist mittlerweile wissenschaftlich gut fundiert, wobei insbesondere kranke und gefährdete Bevölkerungsgruppen von diesen profitieren. Auch hier spielen die Festlegung individueller Aktivitätsziele, deren Beobachtung und Feedbacks zu deren Erreichung eine zentrale Rolle. Die Einbeziehung einer realen Fachperson scheint bei diesen Programmen nicht notwendig. Dagegen sind Programme effektiver, welche vom System (z.B. via Bewegungssensor) automatisiert erfasste Daten für die Individualisierung verwenden. Bei Apps zur Gewichtsreduktion und zur gleichzeitigen Veränderung mehrerer Verhaltensweisen (sog. Lifestyle-Interventionen), die meist durch Förderung körperlicher Aktivität und gesunder Ernährung auch auf Gewichtsreduktion zielen, ist die Wirksamkeit gemischt. Zentrale Komponenten sind die Verwendung mehrerer und interaktiver Verhaltensänderungstechniken, insbesondere zur Zielsetzung sowie Verhaltensbeobachtung und Feedback. Bei Programmen zur Verbesserung der psychischen Gesundheit haben sich Elemente der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie bewährt, um via Internet oder App Angst und Depressivität zu reduzieren. Ähnlich den Selbstmanagement-Programmen bei NCDs scheint auch hier die persönliche Begleitung durch eine Fachperson der Wirksamkeit dienlich. Neben der Selbstbeobachtung des Verhaltens stellen die Veränderung kognitiver Prozesse (z.B. Steigerung positiver Gedanken, kognitiver Flexibilität, wahrgenommener Kontrolle) und von Fähigkeiten (z.B. Anwendung von Mindfulness Skills oder kognitiv-behavioraler Techniken) zentrale Wirkmechanismen dar. Die Evidenz zur Wirksamkeit von App-Programmen zur Reduktion des Alkoholkonsums in der Allgemeinbevölkerung ist bislang gemischt, mit einzelnen positiven aber auch vielen Studien ohne signifikante Ergebnisse. Erfolgreiche Programme zeichnen sich insbesondere dadurch aus, dass sie Nutzenden praktische, leicht umsetzbare Hinweise zum Ersetzen des Alkoholkonsums und zur Problemlösung anbieten; diese sollten von einer als glaubwürdig wahrgenommenen Quelle kommen. Auch die Evidenz zur Wirksamkeit von Apps zur Entwöhnung vom Tabakrauchen ist bislang recht heterogen. In Reviews zu primär Internetbasierten Programmen waren verschiedene Techniken mit der Wirksamkeit assoziiert: das Setzen konkreter Verhaltensziele und Handlungsplanung, Hinweise zur Problemlösung und zu gesundheitlichen Folgen des Rauchens, die Abwägung von Vor- und Nachteilen des Rauchstopps aber auch soziale und medikamentöse Unterstützung. Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen: Zentral für eine hohe App-Nutzung und Wirksamkeit sind Technologien zur Personalisierung und Individualisierung der Inhalte. Persönlich relevante Verhaltensziele sollten durch die Nutzenden festgelegt und deren Grad der Realisierung über die Zeit hinweg durch die App beobachtet werden können. Insbesondere geeignet sind dabei interaktive Funktionen, welche neben dem Grad der Zielerreichung auch Charakteristika der Person und des Kontextes berücksichtigen. Regelmässige Erinnerungen durch die App, welche die individuelle Verfügbarkeit und das Bedürfnis nach Interaktion berücksichtigen, stellen eine wesentliche Voraussetzung dar, um diese zentralen Techniken zur Zielsetzung, Verhaltensbeobachtung und –rückmeldung über einen längeren Zeitraum einzusetzen. Neben diesen automatisierten Funktionen bilden Möglichkeiten zur persönlichen Begleitung und sozialen Unterstützung, insbesondere bei Apps die in klinischen Gruppen eingesetzt werden, ein wesentliches Element für deren Nutzung und Wirksamkeit. Für die regelmässige Nutzung sind ausserdem technische Stabilität sowie ein benutzerfreundliches App-Design relevant. Insgesamt ist die Forschung zu erfolgversprechenden Techniken zur Nutzungssteigerung sowie zu Verhaltensänderungstechniken bei mHealth Apps noch wenig fortgeschritten. Die zugrundeliegenden Studien haben häufig Pilotcharakter, die Umsetzung der Techniken und Operationalisierung der Ergebnisse ist sehr uneinheitlich. Da mHealth Apps meist mehrere Techniken zur Nutzungssteigerung und Verhaltensänderung verwenden, sind kausale Aussagen über einzelne Techniken kaum möglich. Dazu sind zukünftig vermehrt kontrollierte und experimentelle Studien notwendig. Die empfohlenen Techniken zur individualisierten Zielsetzung, Verhaltensbeobachtung, Rückmeldung, Erinnerung und sozialen Unterstützung stellen auch Grundelemente aktueller Modelle zum Gesundheitsverhalten und bewährter kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischer Interventionen dar. Deren Integration in mHealth Applikationen bildet ein solides Fundament. Für deren Optimierung sollten zukünftig aber gleichzeitig auch neue Techniken erprobt und überprüft werden, deren volles Potential erst durch digitale Technologien ausgeschöpft werden kann.
- Predicting early user churn in a public digital weight loss interventionItem type: Conference Paper
CHI '24: Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsJakob, Robert; Lepper, Nils; Fleisch, Elgar; et al. (2024)Digital health interventions (DHIs) offer promising solutions to the rising global challenges of noncommunicable diseases by promoting behavior change, improving health outcomes, and reducing healthcare costs. However, high churn rates are a concern with DHIs, with many users disengaging before achieving desired outcomes. Churn prediction can help DHI providers identify and retain at-risk users, enhancing the efficacy of DHIs. We analyzed churn prediction models for a weight loss app using various machine learning algorithms on data from 1,283 users and 310,845 event logs. The best-performing model, a random forest model that only used daily login counts, achieved an F1 score of 0.87 on day 7 and identified an average of 93% of churned users during the week-long trial. Notably, higher-dimensional models performed better at low false positive rate thresholds. Our findings suggest that user churn can be forecasted using engagement data, aiding in timely personalized strategies and better health results. - Factors Influencing Adherence to mHealth Apps among Adults with Non-communicable Disease: A Systematic ReviewItem type: Working Paper
JMIR PreprintsJakob, Robert; Harperink, Samira; Rudolf, Aaron Maria; et al. (2021)Background: Mobile health applications show vast potential in supporting patients and health care systems with the globally increasing prevalence and economic costs of non-communicable diseases. However, despite the availability of evidence-based mHealth apps, a substantial proportion of users does not adhere to them as intended and may consequently not receive treatment. Therefore, understanding factors that act as barriers or facilitators to adherence is a fundamental concern to prevent intervention dropouts and increase the effectiveness of digital health interventions. Objective: This review aims to identify intervention- and patient-related factors influencing the continued use of mHealth applications targeting non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We further derive quantified adherence scores for different health domains, which may help stakeholders plan, develop, and evaluate mHealth apps. Methods: A comprehensive systematic literature search (January 2007- December 2020) was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and ACM Digital Library. Data on intended use, actual use, and factors influencing adherence were extracted. Intervention-related and patient-related factors with a positive or negative influence on adherence are presented separately for the health domains NCD-Self-Management, Mental Health, Substance Use, Nutrition, Physical Activity, Weight Loss, Multicomponent Lifestyle Interventions, Mindfulness, and other NCDs. Quantified adherence measures, calculated as the ratio between estimated intended and actual use, were derived for each study and compared with qualitative findings. Results: The literature search yielded 2862 potentially relevant articles, of which 99 were included as part of the inclusion criteria. Four intervention-related factors indicated positive effects on adherence across all health domains: (1) personalization or tailoring the content of the mHealth app to the individual needs of the user, (2) reminders in the form of individualized push notifications, (3) a user-friendly and technically stable app design, and (4) personal support complementary to the digital intervention. Social and gamification features were also identified as drivers of app adherence across several health domains. A wide variety of patient-related factors like user characteristics or user recruitment channels further affects adherence. Derived adherence scores of included mHealth apps averaged 56.0%. Conclusions: This study contributes to the scarce scientific evidence on factors positively or negatively influencing adherence to mHealth apps and is the first to compare adherence relative to the intended use of various health domains quantitatively. As underlying studies mostly have a pilot character with short study durations, research on factors influencing adherence to mHealth apps is still limited. To facilitate future research on mHealth app adherence, researchers should clearly outline and justify the app's intended use, report objective data on actual use relative to the intended use, and ideally, provide long-term usage and retention data. - Effective Behavior Change Techniques in Digital Health Interventions for the Prevention or Management of Noncommunicable Diseases: An Umbrella ReviewItem type: Journal Article
Annals of Behavioral MedicineMair, Jacqueline Louise; Salamanca-Sanabria, Alicia; Augsburger, Mareike; et al. (2023)Background Despite an abundance of digital health interventions (DHIs) targeting the prevention and management of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), it is unclear what specific components make a DHI effective. Purpose This narrative umbrella review aimed to identify the most effective behavior change techniques (BCTs) in DHIs that address the prevention or management of NCDs. Methods Five electronic databases were searched for articles published in English between January 2007 and December 2022. Studies were included if they were systematic reviews or meta-analyses of DHIs targeting the modification of one or more NCD-related risk factors in adults. BCTs were coded using the Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy v1. Study quality was assessed using AMSTAR 2. Results Eighty-five articles, spanning 12 health domains and comprising over 865,000 individual participants, were included in the review. We found evidence that DHIs are effective in improving health outcomes for patients with cardiovascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and asthma, and health-related behaviors including physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet, weight management, medication adherence, and abstinence from substance use. There was strong evidence to suggest that credible source, social support, prompts and cues, graded tasks, goals and planning, feedback and monitoring, human coaching and personalization components increase the effectiveness of DHIs targeting the prevention and management of NCDs. Conclusions This review identifies the most common and effective BCTs used in DHIs, which warrant prioritization for integration into future interventions. These findings are critical for the future development and upscaling of DHIs and should inform best practice guidelines. - Engagement With a Mobile Phone–Based Life Skills Intervention for Adolescents and Its Association With Participant Characteristics and Outcomes: Tree-Based AnalysisItem type: Journal Article
Journal of Medical Internet ResearchPaz Castro, Raquel; Haug, Severin; Debelak, Rudolf; et al. (2022)Background: Mobile phone–delivered life skills programs are an emerging and promising way to promote mental health and prevent substance use among adolescents, but little is known about how adolescents actually use them. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine engagement with a mobile phone–based life skills program and its different components, as well as the associations of engagement with adolescent characteristics and intended substance use and mental health outcomes. Methods: We performed secondary data analysis on data from the intervention group (n=750) from a study that compared a mobile phone–based life skills intervention for adolescents recruited in secondary and upper secondary school classes with an assessment-only control group. Throughout the 6-month intervention, participants received 1 SMS text message prompt per week that introduced a life skills topic or encouraged participation in a quiz or individual life skills training or stimulated sharing messages with other program participants through a friendly contest. Decision trees were used to identify predictors of engagement (use and subjective experience). The stability of these decision trees was assessed using a resampling method and by graphical representation. Finally, associations between engagement and intended substance use and mental health outcomes were examined using logistic and linear regression analyses. Results: The adolescents took part in half of the 50 interactions (mean 23.6, SD 15.9) prompted by the program, with SMS text messages being the most used and contests being the least used components. Adolescents who did not drink in a problematic manner and attended an upper secondary school were the ones to use the program the most. Regarding associations between engagement and intended outcomes, adolescents who used the contests more frequently were more likely to be nonsmokers at follow-up than those who did not (odds ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.76-0.98; P=.02). In addition, adolescents who read the SMS text messages more attentively were less likely to drink in a problematic manner at follow-up (odds ratio 0.43, 95% CI 1.29-3.41; P=.003). Finally, participants who used the program the most and least were more likely to increase their well-being from baseline to 6-month follow-up compared with those with average engagement (βs=.39; t586=2.66; P=.008; R2=0.24). Conclusions: Most of the adolescents participating in a digital life skills program that aimed to prevent substance use and promote mental health engaged with the intervention. However, measures to increase engagement in problem drinkers should be considered. Furthermore, efforts must be made to ensure that interventions are engaging and powerful across different educational levels. First results indicate that higher engagement with digital life skills programs could be associated with intended outcomes. Future studies should apply further measures to improve the reach of lower-engaged participants at follow-up to establish such associations with certainty. - The Potential of Mobile Apps for Improving Asthma Self-Management: A Review of Publicly Available and Well-Adopted Asthma AppsItem type: Review Article
JMIR mHealth and uHealthTinschert, Peter; Jakob, Robert; Barata, Filipe; et al. (2017)Background: Effective disease self-management lowers asthma’s burden of disease for both individual patients and health care systems. In principle, mobile health (mHealth) apps could enable effective asthma self-management interventions that improve a patient’s quality of life while simultaneously reducing the overall treatment costs for health care systems. However, prior reviews in this field have found that mHealth apps for asthma lack clinical evaluation and are often not based on medical guidelines. Yet, beyond the missing evidence for clinical efficacy, little is known about the potential apps might have for improving asthma self-management.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the potential of publicly available and well-adopted mHealth apps for improving asthma self-management.Methods: The Apple App store and Google Play store were systematically searched for asthma apps. In total, 523 apps were identified, of which 38 apps matched the selection criteria to be included in the review. Four requirements of app potential were investigated: app functions, potential to change behavior (by means of a behavior change technique taxonomy), potential to promote app use (by means of a gamification components taxonomy), and app quality (by means of the Mobile Application Rating Scale [MARS]).Results: The most commonly implemented functions in the 38 reviewed asthma apps were tracking (30/38, 79%) and information (26/38, 68%) functions, followed by assessment (20/38, 53%) and notification (18/38, 47%) functions. On average, the reviewed apps applied 7.12 of 26 available behavior change techniques (standard deviation [SD]=4.46) and 4.89 of 31 available gamification components (SD=4.21). Average app quality was acceptable (mean=3.17/5, SD=0.58), whereas subjective app quality lied between poor and acceptable (mean=2.65/5, SD=0.87). Additionally, the sum scores of all review frameworks were significantly correlated (lowest correlation: r36=.33, P=.04 between number of functions and gamification components; highest correlation: r36=.80, P<.001 between number of behavior change techniques and gamification components), which suggests that an app’s potential tends to be consistent across review frameworks.Conclusions: Several apps were identified that performed consistently well across all applied review frameworks, thus indicating the potential mHealth apps offer for improving asthma self-management. However, many apps suffer from low quality. Therefore, app reviews should be considered as a decision support tool before deciding which app to integrate into a patient’s asthma self-management. Furthermore, several research-practice gaps were identified that app developers should consider addressing in future asthma apps. - Predicting and Preventing Nonadherence to Mobile Health InterventionsItem type: Doctoral ThesisJakob, Robert (2025)Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, posing significant challenges due to their prolonged progression, high treatment costs, and loss of productivity. Their growing prevalence, driven largely by modifiable risk factors, highlights the urgent need for more accessible, scalable, and cost-effective prevention and management strategies. With the widespread adoption of smartphones, mobile health (mHealth) interventions have emerged as a promising approach to support the prevention and management of NCDs by promoting behavior change, improving health outcomes, and reducing healthcare costs. Consequently, the number of mHealth applications now exceeds 350,000, with approximately 200 new apps released daily. However, despite growing evidence and wider availability, mHealth interventions are subject to nonadherence, where users fail to use these technologies as intended, and in its most severe form – churn – discontinue use entirely before therapeutic benefits can be realized. Nonadherence undermines the effectiveness of mHealth interventions, making it a major concern for researchers and developers seeking strategies to prevent its impact. However, the existing literature lacks clear conceptualizations and measures for adherence to mHealth interventions, and factors influencing adherence are not yet fully understood. Identifying intervention-related factors associated with adherence can aid designers in optimizing interventions. Measurable data points associated with adherence could also be leveraged in combination with machine learning (ML) models to predict nonadherence and thus open up pathways for targeted strategies to prevent nonadherence. However, it remains unclear which methods and features are most effective for predicting nonadherence and how accurately nonadherence can be predicted. Likewise, a research gap remains in understanding which strategies effectively promote adherence to mHealth interventions and the extent to which nonadherence can be prevented. To advance research on adherence to mHealth interventions, we conducted six studies that focus on three related research questions: (RQ1) What factors are associated with adherence to mHealth interventions? (RQ2) To what extent can we predict nonadherence to mHealth interventions? and (RQ3) To what extent can we prevent nonadherence to mHealth interventions? Addressing RQ1, Article 1 presents a systematic review of 99 mHealth intervention studies, synthesizing and categorizing factors associated with adherence across eight health domains. Identified key factors promoting adherence include personalized app content, tailored push notification reminders, user-friendly and technically stable app design, complementary humandelivered support, and social and gamification features. While various sociodemographic user characteristics were frequently associated with adherence, these findings were inconsistent across different health domains. Negative factors included limited technical competence, low health literacy, lack of prior experience with mHealth apps, privacy concerns, low trust in healthcare professionals, negative app expectations, and time constraints. Additionally, personal onboarding was linked to higher adherence compared to remote onboarding. Quantified adherence scores, derived as the ratio of intended use to actual use, from included mHealth studies averaged 56.0% (SD = 24.4%). Most mHealth interventions were evaluated in research settings, with studies conducted in real-world environments recording lower adherence scores. Correspondingly, studies that offered higher monetary incentives tended to achieve better adherence. In Article 2, we conducted a secondary analysis of a publicly available mHealth intervention (MySwissFoodPyramid, n = 19,805), which promotes healthy eating through dietary selfmonitoring and nutrition literacy delivered via a conversational agent. 66.8% of included users adhered to the intended use of the intervention of completing a food diary by tracking dietary intake over three days, demonstrating relatively good adherence despite the absence of monetary incentives or human support. The analyses further revealed significant associations between adherence and the day and time of installation, tutorial use, reminder use, and conversational agent choice. However, these factors only accounted for a small portion of the variance in adherence, calling for more robust measures to predict nonadherence in mHealth interventions. Addressing RQ2, Article 3 presents a systematic review that investigates applied ML algorithms and features for predicting churn in 50 mobile application studies to establish a foundation on effective methodologies to predict user behavior with data collected from mobile apps. The findings demonstrate a wide variety of ML algorithms – from logistic regression to custom deep neural networks – that can be applied to accurately predict churn probabilities (mean AUC = 0.83). The review also underscores the importance of behavioral features related to users’ activity and progress within apps, while contextual features such as sociodemographic user attributes did not significantly contribute to the predictive performance of prediction models. In Article 4, we developed ML models based on these insights to predict early churn – defined as users unsubscribing in the initial week – in a public mobile weight loss intervention on data from 310,845 event logs (WayBetter, n = 1,283). Among eight evaluated ML algorithms and three feature sets, a random forest model that only used daily login counts achieved the highest F1 score of 0.87 on day 7, correctly identifying 93% of churned users within the first week. Our results suggest that churn prediction models based on login data can detect a substantial proportion of users churning in the initial week – even before they disengage. In Article 5, we developed ML models for the prediction of nonadherence relative to the intended use of two mHealth interventions, one for nonspecific and degenerative back pain over 90 days (Vivira, n = 8,372), and another for hypertension self-management over 186 days (Manoa, n = 6,674 users). Our models identified an average of 94% of non-adherent users between weeks 2 and 13 in Vivira (mean AUC = 0.95), defined as completing less than eight therapeutic exercises per week. In Manoa, our models correctly identified an average of 86% of nonadherent users between months 2 and 6 (mean AUC = 0.82), defined as completing less than one blood pressure measurement week per month. Additionally, models predicting churn (users’ last login within program duration) achieved mean AUCs of 0.87 for both apps, correctly identifying 84-86% of churned users. Hence, our results demonstrate that past behavioral app engagement data predicts future nonadherence to mHealth interventions, enabling targeted prevention strategies. Addressing RQ3, Article 6 assessed the effects of human-delivered web-health coaching and monetary incentives on adherence to a mHealth intervention for young adults with type 1 diabetes based on a secondary analysis of a 2×2 factorial randomized trial (SweetGoals, n = 300). The results show that both incentives (B = 0.13, p < 0.001) and coaching (B = 0.06, p < 0.01) significantly increased adherence to the mHealth intervention, measured as the ratio of weekly completed feedback in the app over the 25-week study duration. Although adherence declined over time, the positive effects of both components remained stable. Furthermore, an antagonistic interaction was observed, where the combined effect of incentives and coaching was less favorable than the sum of their individual effects (B = -0.03, p < 0.05). From an economic standpoint, incentives were more cost-effective than coaching in increasing adherence. In summary, this thesis advances the understanding of adherence to mHealth interventions by identifying factors associated with adherence, demonstrating the potential of ML models to predict nonadherence, and examining the effect of two complementary intervention components on promoting adherence. The identified factors can guide strategies to optimize existing health offerings. The insight that nonadherence can be predicted with good accuracy opens pathways for targeted prevention strategies before users fully disengage and highlights a unique and underutilized advantage of digital interventions – the capacity to transform continuously collected app engagement data into actionable insights. Finally, robust evidence on the positive effect of humandelivered web-based health coaching and monetary incentives highlights their promise as effective nonadherence prevention strategies. Collectively, these findings support the development of more adaptive and impactful mHealth interventions and their potential to mitigate the rising prevalence and economic burden of NCDs.
Publications 1 - 9 of 9