Morphology, composition and optical properties of jet engine-like soot made by a spray flame
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Date
2021-09
Publication Type
Journal Article
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yes
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Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) and soot emissions from aviation are a major source of pollution. Reference soot is needed for calibration of optical instruments used for measurements of non-volatile PM (nvPM) from jet engines with average mobility, d¯ , and primary particle, d¯ , diameters less than 70 and 20 nm, respectively, mass mobility exponent (D ) of 2.5±0.15, elemental to total carbon ratio (EC/TC) larger than 0.8, and mass absorption cross section (MAC) of 7.46±0.27m /g at 532 nm. Such particles are difficult to make with gas-fueled soot generators using laminar flames with high temperature particle residence times quite different from those of jet engine combustors. Here, a flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) burner is used to generate soot agglomerates from turbulent flames made by spraying liquid jet fuel. The d¯ of FSP-made soot agglomerates is modified from less than 13 to more than 91 nm by changing common process parameters while agglomerates maintain EC/TC > 0.8. The FSP-made soot agglomerates with D ~ 2.52±0.2 have effective densities similar to emissions from turbofan and turboshaft engines and MAC=8.23 and 5.21(m /g) at 532 and 870 nm, respectively, in excellent agreement with recent measurements of nvPM emissions from jet engine turbines.
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published
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Journal / series
Volume
231
Pages / Article No.
111480
Publisher
Elsevier
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Edition / version
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Date collected
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Subject
Particulate matter; Jet fuel; Mass absorption cross section; Elemental to total carbon ratio; Effective density
Organisational unit
03510 - Pratsinis, Sotiris E. (emeritus) / Pratsinis, Sotiris E. (emeritus)
Notes
Funding
182668 - Tailor-made Carbonaceous Nanoparticles by Multiscale Combustion Design (SNF)
183298 - System for comprehensive optical, chemical and structural characterization of flame-made carbonaceous nanoparticles (SNF)
183298 - System for comprehensive optical, chemical and structural characterization of flame-made carbonaceous nanoparticles (SNF)