Thermal Characterisation of Hybrid Laser Welds Made of Conventionally and Additively Soft Martensitic Steel 1.4313
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Date
2025-09
Publication Type
Journal Article
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yes
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Abstract
Part segmentation can be used to overcome limitations of additive manufacturing (AM) processes such as Direct Energy Deposition of Metals (DED). In this case subparts of soft martensitic steel 1.4313 produced by conventional manufacturing (CM) and AM are joined by laser welding. This paper reports the difference in thermal conductivity of conventional and additive manufactured parts. The thermal conductivity was calculated from the thermal diffusivity, the specific heat, and the bulk density. Furthermore, the temperature was measured during welding and the microstructure analyzed. The far field temperature was measured using eight K-type thermocouples and the microstructure was analyzed by metallography and light microscopy. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of AM material is 8% lower and therefore the heating rate 5% lower compared to CM material. The lower thermal conductivity is explained in the literature by its higher dislocation density, unfavorable alloying element distribution and a lower rest austenite content. AM introduces structural complexity that hampers electron and phonon transport, thereby reducing the thermal conductivity despite similar base chemical compositions. The heat-affected zone is only clearly visible on the CM side due to carbide formation. In DED parts, it comes to different phases in non-equilibrium states, which complicates the identification of carbides and the HAZ. The findings are important for the design of hybrid components to improve the the joint integrity and functionality of hybrid parts.
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published
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Journal / series
Volume
15 (9)
Pages / Article No.
950
Publisher
MDPI
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Edition / version
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Software
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Date collected
Date created
Subject
additive manufacturing; direct energy deposition; laser welding; thermal conductivity; martensitic steel
Organisational unit
09706 - Bambach, Markus / Bambach, Markus