Sex differences in autism: A resting-state fMRI investigation of functional brain connectivity in males and females

Open access
Date
2016Type
- Journal Article
Citations
Cited 101 times in
Web of Science
Cited 102 times in
Scopus
ETH Bibliography
yes
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are far more prevalent in males than in females. Little is known however about the differential neural expression of ASD in males and females. We used a resting-state fMRI-dataset comprising 42 males/42 females with ASD and 75 male/75 female typical-controls to examine whether autism-related alterations in intrinsic functional connectivity are similar or different in males and females, and particularly whether alterations reflect ‘neural masculinization’, as predicted by the Extreme Male Brain theory. Males and females showed a differential neural expression of ASD, characterized by highly consistent patterns of hypo-connectivity in males with ASD (compared to typical males), and hyper-connectivity in females with ASD (compared to typical females). Interestingly, patterns of hyper-connectivity in females with ASD reflected a shift towards the (high) connectivity levels seen in typical males (neural masculinization), whereas patterns of hypo-connectivity observed in males with ASD reflected a shift towards the (low) typical feminine connectivity patterns (neural feminization). Our data support the notion that ASD is a disorder of sexual differentiation rather than a disorder characterized by masculinization in both genders. Future work is needed to identify underlying factors such as sex hormonal alterations that drive these sex-specific neural expressions of ASD. Show more
Permanent link
https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000118995Publication status
publishedExternal links
Journal / series
Social Cognitive and Affective NeuroscienceVolume
Pages / Article No.
Publisher
Oxford University PressSubject
Autism spectrum disorders; sex differences; functional connectivity; resting-state fMRIOrganisational unit
03963 - Wenderoth, Nicole / Wenderoth, Nicole
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Show all metadata
Citations
Cited 101 times in
Web of Science
Cited 102 times in
Scopus
ETH Bibliography
yes
Altmetrics