
Open access
Date
2017-11Type
- Review Article
Citations
Cited 26 times in
Web of Science
Cited 28 times in
Scopus
ETH Bibliography
yes
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Abstract
Ionization and, in particular, ionization through the interaction with light play an important role in fundamental processes in physics, chemistry, and biology. In recent years, we have seen tremendous advances in our ability to measure the dynamics of photo-induced ionization in various systems in the gas, liquid, or solid phase. In this review, we will define the parameters used for quantifying these dynamics. We give a brief overview of some of the most important ionization processes and how to resolve the associated time delays and rates. With regard to time delays, we ask the question: how long does it take to remove an electron from an atom, molecule, or solid? With regard to rates, we ask the question: how many electrons are emitted in a given unit of time? We present state-of-the-art results on ionization and photoemission time delays and rates. Our review starts with the simplest physical systems: the attosecond dynamics of single-photon and tunnel ionization of atoms in the gas phase. We then extend the discussion to molecular gases and ionization of liquid targets. Finally, we present the measurements of ionization delays in femto- and attosecond photoemission from the solid–vacuum interface. Show more
Permanent link
https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000224890Publication status
publishedExternal links
Journal / series
Structural DynamicsVolume
Pages / Article No.
Publisher
AIP Publishing LLCOrganisational unit
03888 - Wörner, Hans Jakob / Wörner, Hans Jakob
03371 - Keller, Ursula / Keller, Ursula
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Show all metadata
Citations
Cited 26 times in
Web of Science
Cited 28 times in
Scopus
ETH Bibliography
yes
Altmetrics