This paper surveys policy instruments aiming at reducing carbon emissions from road transport. We present the basic economic framework used to evaluate environmental policy instruments and discuss the challenges and limitations it faces, which are important enough to justify departures from the first-best instrument (Pigouvian tax). We then discuss a number of policy instruments, including fuel and mileage taxes, standards, different forms ...

Over the centuries, European governments have been successful in reducing the death toll related to natural phenomena. This has been achieved by addressing all three dimensions of the risk triangle—hazards, exposure, and vulnerability. However, cultural and political differences result in subtle, but distinct differences in the context of natural hazard governance. While these differences can be considered a strength in dealing with local ...