Organic acids are used in several industrial sectors, such as food or pharmaceutical industry and serve as building block chemicals for a vast variety of products. Up to date many of them are obtained from petrochemical resources, implementing energy intensive chemical refining and waste production with a high environmental impact [1]. The enormous annual demand requests the development of efficient and sustainable bioprocesses for organic ...

Metabolite channeling is a general mechanism to increase efficiency of sequential reactions in a metabolic pathway. It describes the transfer of intermediates between sequential enzymes without equilibration of these metabolites with the surrounding bulk solution, forming so-called metabolons or microcompartments. It is structurally based on colocalization or complex formation of the participating enzymes and on specific diffusion ...

This paper surveys policy instruments aiming at reducing carbon emissions from road transport. We present the basic economic framework used to evaluate environmental policy instruments and discuss the challenges and limitations it faces, which are important enough to justify departures from the first-best instrument (Pigouvian tax). We then discuss a number of policy instruments, including fuel and mileage taxes, standards, different forms ...