Spatial Wire Cutting: Integrated Design, Simulation and Force-adaptive Fabrication of Double Curved Formwork Components

Abstract

The development and dissemination of computer-aided modelling tools in the last two decades have enabled architects to design with complex, often double curved, geometry. In order to convert these digital data sets into the physical reality, digital fabrication technology has become crucial and, in turn, has stimulated the field of architectural geometry. However, commonly used digital fabrication methods are still time- and material-inefficient in producing bespoke double curved surfaces, generating the need for alternative solutions. This thesis develops around a multi-robotic hot-wire cutting technique, that allows to significantly expand the set of possible hot-wire cutting geometries. In contrast to standard computer-controlled hot-wire cutting processes, in which the cutting medium remains straight, this technique modulates the curvature of the hot-wire, which adopts itself against the resistance of the processed material. This allows to produce a particular family of double-curved surface geometries: sweep surfaces defined by the motion of an altering profile curve along two guide curves. While the technique's principle is simple, its implications comprise to momentarily react and adapt to occurring forces, which dynamic change determine the overall form being cut. The aim of this thesis is to develop methods and techniques that allow to control this cutting technique and to foresee its outcome. Knowledge is acquired directly from the physical form-finding process and implemented in a respective digital model. The thesis investigates material- and fabrication process-related constraints, correlations between operating physical factors, such as heat input, cutting speeds, resulting cutting forces and wire shape. It develops and validates suitable design, simulation and fabrication techniques and examines possible architectural applications, such as the time-efficient production of formwork components at full architectural scale. The work is built upon the hypothesis that the integration of digital design and simulation techniques with adaptive control strategies can not only lead to efficient manufacturing procedures, but can also yield unique formal vocabularies in placing materiality as an a priori agent in the formulation of architectural building elements. As such, the thesis investigates topics that are generally relevant for digital fabrication processes with complex or non-linear behaviour and contributes to fabrication-aware design methods at large.