We analyze the sensitivity of PP precursor traveltimes that are often used to infer lateral variation in the depths of the 410‐ and 660‐km discontinuities in the mantle. Previous results were inconclusive due to complex wave phenomena, such as multiple energy conversions and focusing/defocusing, that hamper their interpretation. Using spectral‐element synthetics and Fréchet derivatives calculated with adjoint methods, we compute sensitivity ...

The separation of evapotranspiration (ET) into its surface evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) components remains a challenge despite its importance for linking water and carbon cycles, for water management, and for attribution of hydrologic isotope fractionation. Regional and global estimates of surface evaporation often rely on estimates of ET (e.g., Penman‐Monteith) where E is deduced as a residual or as a fraction of potential ...

The bile acid activated transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has revealed therapeutic potential as a molecular drug target for the treatment of hepatic and metabolic disorders. Despite strong efforts in FXR ligand development, the structural diversity among the known FXR modulators is limited. Only four molecular frameworks account for more than 50 % of the FXR modulators annotated in ChEMBL. Here, we leverage machine learning ...

This paper describes devices to extract α-cellulose from small whole wood samples developed at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Tree-Ring Lab and explains the procedures for chemical extractions and for the dual analysis of carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) stable isotopes. Here, we provide the necessary steps and guidelines for constructing a cellulose extraction system for small amounts of wood and leaves. The system allows the ...