Patient experiences with clinical confirmatory genetic testing after using direct-to-consumer raw DNA and third-party genetic interpretation services

Abstract

Lay Summary The availability of raw DNA data and online genetic interpretation tools allow individuals to access genetic health risk information, where false-positive results exist. Little is known about the experience of individuals who discover disease-causing variant(s) through raw DNA interpretation and follow-up with medical-grade confirmatory genetic testing. This qualitative study describes the experiences of individuals who pursued medical-grade confirmatory genetic testing in the U.S. after they discovered a potential disease-causing variant in a raw DNA interpretation report. Individuals participated in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed and inductively coded to identify themes. Of the 12 participants, 3 received medical-grade genetic testing results that confirmed disease-causing variants noted in raw DNA interpretation reports, and 9 were not confirmed. Nearly all participants described emotional distress and information-seeking behavior after discovering a disease-causing variant in raw DNA interpretation. When pursuing confirmatory genetic testing, many faced challenges with finding knowledgeable healthcare providers and obtaining insurance coverage. Despite reporting concerns over raw DNA interpretation and a desire for more safeguards, almost all participants stated interest in using the service again. Overall, participants' experiences reveal they find personal utility in raw DNA interpretation results and provide insight into opportunities for patient and provider education.

This qualitative study describes the experiences of individuals who pursued clinical confirmatory genetic testing after obtaining raw DNA data from direct-to-consumer genetic testing and discovering a potential disease-causing variant from an online genetic interpretation tool.

The availability of raw DNA and genetic interpretation tools allow individuals to access genetic health risk information, where analytical false-positives exist. Little is known about the experience of individuals who receive pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant(s) through raw DNA interpretation and follow-up with clinical confirmatory genetic testing. This qualitative study set out to describe the experiences of individuals who pursued clinical confirmatory genetic testing, including their perception of the process. Participants were recruited from social media and eligible if they discovered a potential pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in a raw DNA interpretation report, completed clinical confirmatory genetic testing in the U.S., and provided documentation of those results. Individuals participated in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed and inductively coded to identify themes. Of the 12 participants, 3 received clinical genetic testing results that confirmed pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants noted in raw DNA interpretation reports (confirmation positive), and 9 were not confirmed. Nearly all (n = 11) participants described emotional distress and information-seeking behavior as a coping mechanism after discovering a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in raw DNA interpretation. When pursuing confirmatory genetic testing, many (n = 9) faced challenges with finding knowledgeable healthcare providers and obtaining insurance coverage. Despite reporting concerns over raw DNA interpretation and a desire for more safeguards, almost all (n = 10) participants stated interest in using the service again. Overall, participants' experiences reveal they find personal utility in raw DNA interpretation results and provide insight into opportunities for patient and provider education.