Travel behavior in urban areas has been widely analyzed from the demand side, while the extent to which the infrastructure imposes constraints on such travel behavior and leads to delays and congestion has almost never been studied. For car-based transportation, the recently developed theory of the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) describes the relationship between the accumulation of vehicles and their trip ending rate as a function ...

The rationale of road-pricing schemes is to reduce the negative externalities of road traffic by increasing costs to decrease demand. Although in the transportation literature this is a well-acknowledged means of relieving cities from congestion, only few cities have introduced such schemes so far. One of the most notable examples in Europe is London’s congestion charge. Motorists entering London’s city center are required to pay a fixed ...

We propose a new functional form for the 3D-MFD. The 3D-MFD links the number of cars and buses in an urban network to the total travel production. The parameters of the functional form are derived from the structure and topology of the road and bus network. The physical interactions of vehicles are described by a single parameter. We apply the methodology to two empirical data sets from London and Zurich, and discuss policy relevant ...