Konstantin Krauss

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Krauss

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Konstantin

ORCID

0000-0003-0363-6787

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Publications 1 - 10 of 13

What is the role of carsharing toward a more sustainable transport behavior?
Göddeke, Daniel; Krauss, Konstantin; Gnann, Till (2022)
International Journal of Sustainable Transportation
The supply of as well as the demand for carsharing has been increasing in recent years. Yet, these dynamics and carsharing's function as catalyzer toward a more sustainable transport behavior in German cities are still not fully understood. For this reason, we analyze supply data for 80 large cities in Germany regarding fleet numbers and supply densities. We combine this with analyses about carsharing (non-) members by drawing on the datasets Mobility in Germany and the German Mobility Panel. We find that carsharing members use walking, cycling, or public transport 1.4–1.5 times more often and motorized individual transport, respectively, less often than nonmembers. Based on this, we build user groups regarding the people's usage of the environmental alliance (i.e., walk, bicycle, public transport). In the subsequent multinomial logistic regression analysis for the years 2013, 2015, and 2017, we find that both increasing carsharing supply and being carsharing member are not effective measures to increase the share of walking, cycling, and public transport. The availability of mobility tools, especially the number of cars in households, are more important predictors.
Shifting to sharing
Krauss, Konstantin (2023)
hEART 2023: 11th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transportation
Shared mobility is discussed as one potential solution making transportation more sustainable since it can enable a more multi-modal behaviour and provides joint access to vehicle fleets. Research has focused on respective potentials for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. However, there are more external effects such as land use, accidents or noise that need to be incorporated in analyses. Thus, this work takes a systemic perspective on external cost effects regarding shifting transport demand to shared mobility services, i.e. carsharing, ridepooling, (e-)bikesharing, and shared e-scooters. To do so, survey and external cost data is combined to compute the effects of shifts to shared services concerning seven external cost dimensions. Results show that overall external costs are decreased by 2.3 % due to indicated shifts to shared services, mainly resulting from land use and GHG emission cost reductions. Yet, particularly regarding accidents, these shifts also cause external cost increases.
Coupling transport and electricity
Gschwendtner, Christine; Krauss, Konstantin (2022)
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
Combining carsharing and vehicle-to-grid could result in synergies for decarbonizing transport and electricity systems. For carsharing operators, often experiencing financial difficulties, vehicle-to-grid service provision could generate additional revenues while supporting the integration of renewable energy. However, extant research has not yet studied customers’ interest in vehicle-to-grid carsharing. We therefore investigate whether and how vehicle-to-grid could improve the attractiveness of carsharing. Based on a stated-choice experiment in Germany and Switzerland, we compare the attractiveness of vehicle-to-grid, electric and conventional carsharing. We find that customers choose vehicle-to-grid over electric carsharing in 56.1% and over conventional carsharing in 74.2% of the choices. By estimating a multinomial, a mixed-logit, and a willingness-to-pay-space model, we find that costs show the highest relative importance for customers’ utilities despite the early adopter sample. Access and egress times as the second most important service characteristics, combined with free-floating as the preferred scheme, highlight the relevance of charging infrastructure.
How to MaaS
Krauss, Konstantin; Moll, Cornelius; Köhler, Jonathan; et al. (2021)
Arbeitsberichte Verkehrs- und Raumplanung
Faster, greener, scooter?
Krauss, Konstantin; Gnann, Till; Burgert, Tobias; et al. (2024)
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
In recent years, few transportation modes have gained so much attention so quickly as shared e-scooters. Debates focus on usage patterns over shift effects to environmental impacts. Previous research has mainly been conducted in Asia and North America and in metropolitan areas. Potential interdependencies have been analysed mostly towards public transport (PT). Surprisingly, investigations concerning the usage of shared e-scooters and other shared mobility services have been scarce. However, understanding possible (inter-)dependencies and potentials for inter- and multimodality is crucial for policymakers and transport planners to design efficient and sustainable transportation systems. This is why we draw on an original data set of 118,047 shared e-scooter trips in Karlsruhe, a non-metropolitan city in southwest Germany and add information about carsharing and PT. Apart from station information for both modes, we add departure information for tramways, and weather data. Shared e-scooter data is retrieved via the local providers from November 2020 to April 2021, information about the stations of carsharing and PT is added via OpenStreetMap, and tramway service data is retrieved via the local authority. We find an average trip distance of 1.40 km and substantially less usage on Sundays. The potential of combining shared e-scooters is higher for PT than for carsharing. Shared e-scooter trips show longer distances in times of lower or none PT service. Negative binomial regression models with fixed effects for the PT or carsharing stations show that the number of tram departures positively affects shared e-scooter usage, particularly at off-peak times. Applying mode shift scenarios and focusing on the usage phase, the energy consumption effect of shared e-scooters is found to be between 5 to +0.5 TWh. However, it requires providers to revisit their operations and policy to rethink regulation to get even close to the multimodal or energy consumption potential.
How does transport supply and mobility behaviour impact preferences for MaaS bundles?
Krauss, Konstantin; Reck, Daniel Jan; Axhausen, Kay W. (2021)
Shared Mobility in MaaS Systems: A Supply and Demand Perspective
Krauss, Konstantin (2022)
Transportation faces big challenges and major changes. Challenges relate to the increasing severity of the climate crisis, which is also caused by greenhouse gas emissions from transportation (26 % of EU-emissions). Cities in particular face further challenges such as competing interests for land-use and congestion, which is intensified by growing urban populations. Within the avoidshift-improve concept, much attention has been paid to improve, i.e. increasing efficiency, while shifting or avoiding transport demand is often forgotten. Major changes regarding the new paradigms shared mobility and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) hold the promise of addressing some of these challenges. By using more energy and space efficient vehicles (e.g. micro-mobility: e-scooters, (e-) bikes) and integrating these in mobility plans (MaaS bundles), a more multi- and intermodal mobility behaviour could be achieved. To leverage this potential, the nexus of supply and demand needs to be analysed to answer these questions: why are travellers (not) using shared services or MaaS bundles and what does it take to increase their usage? This thesis does so by using business models, i.e. formal conceptual representations of how firms function, as a linking element. This linkage is established by developing a framework characterising MaaS offers and selecting crucial aspects that are analysed empirically in detail. The framework builds on an original combination of morphological analysis and the Business Model Canvas. It shows that the use-case for MaaS offers needs to be very clear from the start as extensive interdependencies amongst the elements make later changes substantially more expensive. Two strategies can make a service valuable and viable: increasing the number of integrated modes and offering MaaS bundles. This is the starting point of the empirical work that uses demand and supply data. The primary demand-side data is collected in 83 large cities and metropolises in Germany and uses stated preference choice-experiments regarding mode and MaaS bundle choice. The supply-side data is primary and secondary data on public transport (PT) quality and shared mobility supply densities. Results show that costs are more important to travellers for car-based shared services than travel time while these are equally important for shared micro-mobility. Mode-shift from walking to all shared services, particularly shared micro-mobility, and from the private car to carsharing and ridepooling are found. Integrating the supply-side reveals that MaaS bundles require a high level of PT and shared mobility service to be attractive for travellers. While frequent car usage negatively impacts MaaS bundles’ utility, shared mobility usage increases it, particularly for shared bikes and cars. This thesis extends previous work by including all relevant shared mobility services, using data across multiple cities, and integrating the supply- and demand-side, which has consequences for the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of the transportation sector.
What drives the usage of shared transport services?
Krauss, Konstantin; Göddeke, Daniel; Gnann, Till (2020)
Shared mobility is widely discussed, yet only few travelers actually make use of shared services. Apart from personal characteristics, the supply and more specific the supply density of shared vehicles is assumed to be crucial for a widespread shared mobility usage. In this paper, we test this hypothesis. Moreover we provide insights into the impact of current mobility behavior on the usage intention for shared transport services. For this purpose, we combine existing transport usage data with the real supply of shared vehicles in selected cities in Germany. We investigate free-floating and station-based car- and bikesharing, free-floating e-scootersharing, as well as ridesharing. To do so, we collected data on the vehicles supplied per service for beginning of 2020. In a first step, we analyze group differences in terms of intended usage between people living in cities where the services are offered and those who live in cities without access to such services. This information is used in a second step when we analyze to what extent the supply density is driving usage intention for a specific trip purpose obtained from the first analysis step. Therefore, we apply logistic regression analyses that focus on socio-demographics, the users’ possession of mobility tools (e.g. driver’s license, car access, transit pass), their current transport behavior and the availability of services respectively.
How does transport supply and mobility behaviour impact preferences for MaaS bundles?
Krauss, Konstantin; Reck, Daniel Jan; Axhausen, Kay W. (2023)
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) bundle design has recently gained increasing attention. Previous work has identified socio-demographics and current travel behaviour as drivers towards adopting MaaS bundles. Yet, the focus has been on (scientific) trials in one specific area or on one specific service. We extend this work by analysing the influence of transport supply and mobility behaviour on preferences for MaaS bundles in multiple cities. To this end, we conduct a stated preference experiment in 83 cities in Germany. Respondents choose between two MaaS bundle options and one pay-as-you-go option. Besides public transport, we include shared e-scooters and bikes or carsharing and ridepooling in the bundles. To integrate city characteristics we merge this data with supply data from the shared services and data about public transport quality in the respective cities. We find previous shared mobility usage to positively and car usage to negatively influence bundle uptake. While included units are crucial for bundles integrating car-based shared modes, additional prices beyond these units are more important for shared micro-mobility services. The quality of the local transport system and shared mobility supply is an important precondition for MaaS bundle uptake.
Designing Mobility-as-a-Service business models using morphological analysis
Krauss, Konstantin; Moll, Cornelius; Köhler, Jonathan; et al. (2022)
Research in Transportation Business & Management
Although Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is a very prominent model for future passenger transport, ideas on how to offer it are still scarce. As MaaS platforms are currently mostly offered as field trials, they are highly use-case specific. One of the main reasons for seeing only few examples of ‘real’ MaaS as a commercial offer is the shortage of business models that could be applied when providing the service. To better understand potential business model configurations for MaaS, we propose a new conceptual framework to develop MaaS business models. We do so by integrating the Business Model Canvas with a morphological approach to compose all relevant factors in one framework. To populate the framework, we draw on a systematic literature review. We use this to generate morphological boxes for each of the nine building blocks of the Business Model Canvas. The framework helps to understand the features of MaaS and how to provide them from an operator's point of view. By discussing interdependencies of different configurations, we also provide a starting point to evaluate MaaS in a structured way and thereby generate implications for managerial practice, also for generating viable MaaS business models.

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Konstantin Krauss

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