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Disgust and Eating Behavior
(2020)Handbook of Eating and DrinkingDisgust is a human emotion that prevents us from having contact with something that might be pathogenic, because it triggers behavioral avoidance of the stimulus. People can vary in their tendency to react with disgust towards cues that indicate the presence of pathogens such as certain odors (e.g., smell of decayed food) or visual cues (e.g., mold, runny nose). This disgust sensitivity was linked to a broad range of behavioral and ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Policy Instruments to Reduce Carbon Emissions From Road Transport
(2021)International Encyclopedia of TransportationThis paper surveys policy instruments aiming at reducing carbon emissions from road transport. We present the basic economic framework used to evaluate environmental policy instruments and discuss the challenges and limitations it faces, which are important enough to justify departures from the first-best instrument (Pigouvian tax). We then discuss a number of policy instruments, including fuel and mileage taxes, standards, different forms ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Technological Change and Grand Strategy
(2021)The Oxford Handbook of Grand StrategyWhat is the relationship between technological change and grand strategy? Can great powers promote technological trends that allow them to pursue specific grand-strategic goals? Or is technological change beyond the reach of great powers, and thus it acts like an independent enabler or an independent constraint? This book chapter by CSS' Sophie-Charlotte Fischer, Andrea Gilli and CSS' Mauro Gilli provides a brief introduction to the ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Regulation | Metabolite channeling in energy metabolism
(2021)Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry IIIMetabolite channeling is a general mechanism to increase efficiency of sequential reactions in a metabolic pathway. It describes the transfer of intermediates between sequential enzymes without equilibration of these metabolites with the surrounding bulk solution, forming so-called metabolons or microcompartments. It is structurally based on colocalization or complex formation of the participating enzymes and on specific diffusion ...Encyclopedia Entry -
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Rockfall Causes and Transport Mechanisms - A Review
(2021)Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental SciencesRockfalls are distinguished from rock mass falls and rock avalanches by their physical transport mechanisms. A common term used for this differentiation is “fragmental” rockfall, where individual blocks mainly interact by impacts with the substrate along the downslope motion, which can be described by rigid body ballistics. Rockfall is very frequent in steep rock slopes, and one of the most frequent hazards to alpine traffic lines and ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Taxation and the Multinational Firm
(2020)Encyclopedia of International Economics and Global Trade. Volume 1: Foreign Direct Investment and the Multinational EnterpriseEncyclopedia Entry -
The History of Higher Landscape Architecture Education at ETH Zurich, Switzerland
(2023)The Routledge Handbook of Landscape Architecture EducationThis chapter traces the history of landscape architecture education at the ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) where the Department of Architecture started to offer a two-year degree programme leading to a Master of Science in Landscape Architecture. It is after decades of effort that landscape architecture was established as an independent post-graduate programme at a Swiss university. The subject initially developed into ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Cell Biology of Virus Infection
(2023)Encyclopedia of Cell Biology Second EditionViruses are infectious agents that multiply by entering live cells and using the biosynthetic machinery and other services of the host cells to produce new virus particles. Because they themselves have no metabolism, motility, or other complex functions associated with cell life, they can be extremely small and their structure can be simple. However from initial cell entry to release of progeny virus, they are entirely dependent on ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics in Freshwater Systems
(2022)Encyclopedia of Inland Waters (Second Edition)Eco-evolutionary dynamics encompasses the simultaneous reciprocal interactions between ecological and evolutionary processes. We discuss how eco-evolutionary dynamics can be detected, and showcase five key examples of eco-evolutionary dynamics in freshwater systems as assessed in the laboratory, in the field, and in unconfined nature. We demonstrate the ubiquity of eco-evolutionary dynamics in freshwater systems with focusing on the ...Encyclopedia Entry