Encyclopedia Entry
Recent Submissions
-
Scattering, inelastic: Electron
(2024)Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter PhysicsAn interaction event between an electron and a target material is called inelastic if the electron loses some or all of its energy. The general theory of the inelastic scattering cross-section is first developed before being specialized to interband transitions, plasmon excitations, vibrations at surfaces, core-electron excitations, and (e−, 2e−) scattering. Examples are provided to illustrate how the elementary excitations of each method ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Graphentheorie
(2024)Netzwerkforschung ~ Handbuch NetzwerkforschungDurch die Repräsentation von Netzwerkdaten als Graphen wird eine Vielzahl mathematischer Einsichten und Methoden erschlossen. In diesem Beitrag werden grundlegende Konzepte und Begrifflichkeiten vorgestellt und durch Überlegungen zur Modellierung kontextualisiert.Encyclopedia Entry -
Correlative Multimodal Imaging for Multiscale Analysis of Complex Biological Systems: Validation Methods and Performance Analysis
(2023)Reference Series in Biomedical Engineering ~ Bioimaging in Tissue Engineering and RegenerationEncyclopedia Entry -
A Diversity of Primary Producers in Lakes
(2022)Encyclopedia of Inland WatersAim: We present the current state of knowledge with regards to the biodiversity of phytoplankton in lakes. We introduce the main concepts of biodiversity and review the mechanisms regulating phytoplankton diversity at local and regional scales. We also list the main methods to study phytoplankton diversity and offer a set of case studies for further reading. Main concepts: What is biodiversity at the local and regional scale (taxonomic, ...Encyclopedia Entry -
-
Energy redistribution in reacting systems
(2001)Encyclopedia of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry. Volume 1: FundamentalsEncyclopedia Entry -
Neurophysiological Correlates of Learning to Dance
(2012)Encyclopedia of the Sciences of LearningEncyclopedia Entry -
The use of stable isotopes in soil science: Low atomic number elements
(2023)Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental SciencesIn this chapter, we focus on low atomic mass stable isotopes that are widely used in soil and environmental studies. These include carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and sulfur (S). We elucidate how such stable isotopes are used to infer processes, estimate mean residence time of an element in an environmental compartment, and identify sources or relative contribution to a pool. In addition, we describe the basis of the most widespread ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Irregular Migration and the City
(2023)Oxford Bibliographies Online: Urban StudiesIrregular migrants tend to live in cities. Cities offer to irregular migrants anonymity, opportunities to find a job and other ways to make a living, different forms of accommodation, and access to potentially existing relational, ethnic, social, or cultural networks. Irregular migration can therefore also be understood as an urban phenomenon. The urban aspects of irregular migration are the focus of this bibliography. We discuss the ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Pharmacotherapy for Cocaine Use Disorders
(2022)NeuroPsychopharmacotherapyCocaine is one of the most commonly used substances worldwide. It has a strong addictive potential, which often leads to excessive consumption causing pronounced physical and psychological harm to users. There is currently no approved or effective medication to treat cocaine use disorders. However, in the last decades, significant efforts have been made to identify medications that could increase the effectiveness of treatments, with ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Glycogen and Starch
(2016)Encyclopedia of Cell Biology Second EditionGlycogen and starch are the two major storage forms of glucose in nature. Both are large glucose polymers formed by α-1, 4-glycosidic linkages with branch points introduced by α-1, 6-glycosidic linkages. Both are synthesized when conditions are nutritionally or energetically favorable for later use. The structures of glycogen and starch differ greatly. Glycogen has uniform branching, a minimal number of enzymes mediating its metabolism, ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Eukaryotic Ribosome Assembly, Quality Control and Export
(2023)Encyclopedia of Cell Biology Second EditionEukaryotic ribosome assembly spans three cellular compartments and requires the concerted action of three RNA polymerases, the splicing and nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery. This process also requires >200 transiently interacting factors including a range of energy-consuming enzymes and RNA-binding scaffolds, that perform both assembly and proofreading functions. Although the detailed mechanisms of ribosome formation have not yet ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Cilia and Flagella
(2023)Encyclopedia of Cell Biology Second EditionCilia and flagella are microtubule-based, rod-shaped organelles present on the surface of a variety of eukaryotic cells. They function in cell locomotion, flow of extracellular fluid across cell surfaces as well as in detection, transmission and integration of signals from the cellular surroundings. In vertebrates, cilia are critical for regulating developmental processes and tissue homeostasis. Consequently, genetic defects that impair ...Encyclopedia Entry -
OMICS – Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics in Systems Biology Research
(2023)Encyclopedia of Cell Biology Second EditionMass spectrometry-based proteomics has already contributed greatly to systems biology studies and its role in systems biology research is likely to grow in the next few years. Its unique capability of quantifying proteins and protein modifications at large scale and throughput make it a prime technology in systems biology studies, specifically those focused on complex biological processes and diseases. In this article, we first introduce ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Single-Cell Interrogation of the Immune System Using Microtools
(2016)Encyclopedia of Cell Biology Second EditionImmune cells mount their biological response and protect the host from pathogens by secreting bioactive molecules, communicating with other cells directly or via secreted agents, and migrating under flow or chemotactic gradients. This article summarizes recent advances in microfluidic technology and highlights examples of microtools used in studying the mentioned aspects of the immune response (i.e., secretion, migration, and intercellular ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Food insecurity and poverty
(2023)Elgar Handbooks in Development ~ Research Handbook on Measuring Poverty and DeprivationDespite rapid economic growth and poverty reduction within the last three decades, food insecurity still afflicts about two billion people worldwide. As a result, food insecurity is one of the top priorities for governments in many countries, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries highlighted by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Poverty is a direct cause of food insecurity. At the same time, food insecurity leads ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Benzodiazepine receptor agonists and sleep
(2013)Encyclopedia of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms (Second Edition)The pharmacotherapy of insomnias is largely based on drugs acting at benzodiazepine sites of γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors. They enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA. Traditional benzodiazepine hypnotics do not differentiate among GABAA receptor subtypes. The hypnotics zolpidem and zaleplon act on the α1GABAA receptor subtypes, which mediate sedation. The hypnotic eszopiclone targets preferentially the α3GABAA receptor subtype, ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Surface organometallic and coordination chemistry approach to formation of single site heterogeneous catalysts
(2023)Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry III (Third Edition). Volume 6: Heterogeneous Inorganic CatalysisSurface Organometallic Chemistry (SOMC), an approach to generate molecularly defined surface sites on solids, has opened possibilities to understand heterogeneous catalysis with atomic-level precision. Treating the surface of traditional supports as defined (albeit complex) ligands and applying the rules of molecular inorganic chemistry allowed for formation of countless examples of well-defined surface moieties, some of which were shown ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Iodine: Deficiency disorders and prevention programs
(2023)Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition (Fourth Edtion). Volume 1: The Foundations of Human NutritionIodine is an essential component of hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones, and therefore iodine, are essential for mammalian life. Optimal dietary iodine intakes for healthy adults are 150–250μgday−1. Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans due to inadequate thyroid hormone production that are termed as iodine deficiency disorders. Assessment methods of iodine status include urinary iodine concentration, ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Terbium radionuclides for theranostics
(2022)Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. Volume 4: Nuclear Medicine TherapyThe concept of radiotheragnostics dates several decades, with the application of radioiodine for imaging and therapy of thyroid cancer. Later, tumor-specific targeting agents for coordination of radiometals have been introduced in clinical routine to enable nuclear imaging and therapeutic interventions, respectively. Among a variety of radionuclides currently used or proposed for radiotheragnostics, terbium has received particular attention, ...Encyclopedia Entry