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Cilia and Flagella
(2023)Encyclopedia of Cell Biology Second EditionCilia and flagella are microtubule-based, rod-shaped organelles present on the surface of a variety of eukaryotic cells. They function in cell locomotion, flow of extracellular fluid across cell surfaces as well as in detection, transmission and integration of signals from the cellular surroundings. In vertebrates, cilia are critical for regulating developmental processes and tissue homeostasis. Consequently, genetic defects that impair ...Encyclopedia Entry -
OMICS – Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics in Systems Biology Research
(2023)Encyclopedia of Cell Biology Second EditionMass spectrometry-based proteomics has already contributed greatly to systems biology studies and its role in systems biology research is likely to grow in the next few years. Its unique capability of quantifying proteins and protein modifications at large scale and throughput make it a prime technology in systems biology studies, specifically those focused on complex biological processes and diseases. In this article, we first introduce ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Food insecurity and poverty
(2023)Elgar Handbooks in Development ~ Research Handbook on Measuring Poverty and DeprivationDespite rapid economic growth and poverty reduction within the last three decades, food insecurity still afflicts about two billion people worldwide. As a result, food insecurity is one of the top priorities for governments in many countries, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries highlighted by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Poverty is a direct cause of food insecurity. At the same time, food insecurity leads ...Encyclopedia Entry -
The use of stable isotopes in soil science: Low atomic number elements
(2023)Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental SciencesIn this chapter, we focus on low atomic mass stable isotopes that are widely used in soil and environmental studies. These include carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and sulfur (S). We elucidate how such stable isotopes are used to infer processes, estimate mean residence time of an element in an environmental compartment, and identify sources or relative contribution to a pool. In addition, we describe the basis of the most widespread ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Bioturbation—Physical processes
(2023)Encyclopedia of Soils in the EnvironmentBioturbation is the physical movement of soil by fauna or plant roots. The primary goal of bioturbation is for organisms to access resources in soil such as food, plant nutrients and water. Bioturbation includes soil translocation by burrowing and ingestion, soil deformation by organism expansion, and soil stabilization by compounds secreted by organisms and their tissue. These processes are extremely important to the formation of soil ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Water evaporation from bare soil
(2023)Encyclopedia of Soils in the EnvironmentEvaporation of water emitted from soil surfaces is a key process of the hydrologic cycle and the surface energy balance. It can be limited by the solar energy to vaporize water, the amount of precipitation, the soil hydraulic properties and surface characteristics (albedo, roughness, and presence of residues). Evaporation rates are large for wet soil surfaces with high atmospheric demand (controlled by energy, vapor pressure deficit, and ...Encyclopedia Entry -
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Sexual and Gender Minorities in Disasters
(2022)Routledge Handbook of Environmental Hazards and SocietyDie Auswirkungen von Katastrophen auf Menschen variieren zwischen verschiedenen sozialen Gruppen auf verschiedenen räumlichen und zeitlichen Ebenen. In diesem Buchkapitel geben Dale Dominey-Howes, Scott McKinnon, Andrew Gorman-Murray und CSS Forscherin Christine Eriksen einen Überblick über das langsam aufstrebende Forschungsgebiet und analysieren die unterschiedlichen Erfahrungen von Menschen mit diversen sexuellen und genderspezifischen ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics in Freshwater Systems
(2022)Encyclopedia of Inland Waters (Second Edition)Eco-evolutionary dynamics encompasses the simultaneous reciprocal interactions between ecological and evolutionary processes. We discuss how eco-evolutionary dynamics can be detected, and showcase five key examples of eco-evolutionary dynamics in freshwater systems as assessed in the laboratory, in the field, and in unconfined nature. We demonstrate the ubiquity of eco-evolutionary dynamics in freshwater systems with focusing on the ...Encyclopedia Entry -
Shallow Systems – Geothermal Heat Pumps
(2022)The Article describes the characteristics, design, and use of Geothermal heat pump systems, and consists of 12 Chapters.Encyclopedia Entry