ManiFlow: Implicitly Representing Manifolds with Normalizing Flows

Abstract

Normalizing Flows (NFs) are flexible explicit generative models that have been shown to accurately model complex real-world data distributions. However, their invertibility constraint imposes limitations on data distributions that reside on lower dimensional manifolds embedded in higher dimensional space. Practically, this shortcoming is often bypassed by adding noise to the data which impacts the quality of the generated samples. In contrast to prior work, we approach this problem by generating samples from the original data distribution given full knowledge about the perturbed distribution and the noise model. To this end, we establish that NFs trained on perturbed data implicitly represent the manifold in regions of maximum likelihood. Then, we propose an optimization objective that recovers the most likely point on the manifold given a sample from the perturbed distribution. Finally, we focus on 3D point clouds for which we utilize the explicit nature of NFs, i.e. surface normals extracted from the gradient of the log-likelihood and the log-likelihood itself, to apply Poisson surface reconstruction to refine generated point sets.